Chapter 9 Site Navigation

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Chapter 9: Site Navigation

TRUE/FALSE

1. The free-flowing nature of information in a nonlinear hypertext environment can be confusing to navigate.

 

2. A good Web site lets its users know where they are at all times and where they can go within the Web site.

 

3. With hypertext-linked content, users traverse information in the order or method the Web designer creates.

 

4. In HTML, hypertext links are easy to create but add extra download time when they are text based.

 

5. Once navigation graphics are loaded in the user’s cache, the server does not have to download them again.

 

6. Effective navigation includes providing not only links to other pages in the Web site, but also cues to the user’s location.

 

7. A breadcrumb path is not very effective in guiding users who may have arrived at a page from somewhere outside your Web site.

 

8. Once you have created a basic list, you can customize it using different CSS properties.

 

9. Pixels are a good choice for navigation buttons because they adapt to the user’s font size.

 

10. You can change background images as easily as changing background colors.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 436

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Hypertext was envisioned in the ____ by Ted Nelson, who described it as nonsequential writing in his book Literary Machines.
a. 1950s c. 1970s
b. 1960s d. 1980s

 

2. You can use ____ properties to create attractive navigation elements.
a. XML style c. CSS style
b. JSP style d. ASP style

 

3. A linked ____ at the top of the page shows the user’s location within the site hierarchy.
a. navigation item c. graphic
b. icon d. breadcrumb path

 

4. When limiting information overload, a good rule to follow is that users should not have to click more than ____ time(s) to get to the information they desire.
a. one to two c. three to four
b. two to three d. four to five

 

5. When limiting information overload, you can judge your page length by pressing the Page Down key; if you have to press it more than ____ times to move from the top to bottom of your page, break up the content.
a. one or two c. three or four
b. two or three d. four or five

 

6. ____ linking often is the most effective and accessible way to provide navigation on your site.
a. Graphic-based c. Icon-based
b. Text-based d. Banner-based

 

7. While the ____ lets users access the main pages in the Web site, the table of contents lets users access the exact content they want.
a. navigation bar c. footer
b. breadcrumb path d. homepage

 

8. By default, link colors are ____ for new links.
a. blue c. red
b. purple d. green

 

9. By default, link colors are ____ for visited links.
a. blue c. red
b. purple d. green

 

10. ____ links are standard hypertext links that you can embed directly in the flow of your content by choosing the key terms and concepts you anticipate your users will want to follow.
a. Internal c. Fragmented
b. External d. Contextual

 

11. Alternate text-based links can be added by including an alt attribute in the ____ tag of the HTML code.
a. c.
b. d.

 

12. The ____ attribute text is displayed in a ToolTip or ScreenTip.
a. alt c. title
b. tip d. tooltip

 

13. When creating a graphical navigation, avoid symbols that can be misinterpreted, such as ____.
a. directional arrows c. check marks
b. accepted representational graphics d. hand gestures

 

14. The HTML ____ elements are the preferred element for containing navigation links.
a. navigation c. content
b. paragraph d. list

 

15. To remove the built in spacing that indents lists from the left side of the browser window, you can set both the margin and padding properties to zero for the ____ element.

 

• 16. In a standard list element, the list items are ____-level elements.
  a. inline c. block
  b. inline-block d. table

   

  17. To create a horizontal navigation bar using a list, you need to set each list item’s display setting to ____.
  a. inline c. block
  b. inline-block d. table

   

  18. To keep a horizontal navigation bar from wrapping if a user makes their browser window small enough, add a ____ property to the

  • element style rule.
  • a. size c. min-size
  • b. width d. length

   

  19. To create same-size navigation bar buttons, you need to change the display type of the elements to ____ to set a consistent width.
  a. inline c. block
  b. list-item d. table

   

  20. In a horizontal navigation bar, to get the navigation elements to align next to each other, add a(n) ____ property to the

  • elements within the list.
    a. float c. block
    b. align d. right 

    21. In a vertical navigation bar, you will need to set the element’s display setting to ____, which will allow you to create clickable buttons of any width.
    a. inline c. block
    b. list-item d. table

     

    22. You can use the ____ pseudo-classes along with CSS background images to show a user where they have been on your Web site.
    a. breadcrumb c. background
    b. link d. image

     

    23. When applying a background graphic to only elements that have a state of visited, you can use the ____ property to point to the location of the file to use.
    a. background-repeat c. background-image
    b. background-position d. background-color

     

    24. You can disable the default underlining of hypertext links by setting the CSS text-decoration property to a value of ____.
    a. no-underline c. none
    b. no-default d. disable

     

    25. You can use the ____ pseudo-class to turn the underlining on when the user points to a link.
    a. hover c. active
    b. link d. visited

     

    COMPLETION

    1. A user can click on any of the links in the path of a(n) ____________________ to move through the content structure.

    ANS: breadcrumb path

    PTS: 1 REF: 402

    2. While the navigation bar lets users access the main pages in the Web site, the ____________________ lets users access the exact content pages they want.

    ANS: table of contents

    PTS: 1 REF: 407

    3. Creating internal links require two anchor elements: one users the name attribute to name a(n) ____________________ in the document; the other targets the fragment name in the href attribute.

    ANS: fragment identifier

    PTS: 1 REF: 409

    4. ____________________ let you move either to the previous or next page or section in the collection.

    ANS: Page turners

    PTS: 1 REF: 416

    5. Page turners work well in a(n) ____________________ structure of pages, for computer-based learning, or where users read pages or section in order.

    ANS: linear

    PTS: 1 REF: 416

    6. ____________________ allow users to jump to related ideas or cross-references by clicking the word or item that interests them.

    ANS: Contextual links

    PTS: 1 REF: 418

    7. ____________________ provide an easy way to create navigation that can be styled with CSS, are accessibility compatible, and work well even if a browser does not support CSS.

    ANS: Lists

    PTS: 1 REF: 422

    8. When you are building lists for navigation, you can remove the default bullets with the ____________________ property.

    ANS: list-style-type

    PTS: 1 REF: 423

    9. A display value of ____________________ allows a list to be displayed without line breaks.

    ANS: inline

    PTS: 1 REF: 424

    10. You can create an interactive ___________________ that changes a color or background when the user points to a navigation link

    ANS: hover

    PTS: 1 REF: 432

    ESSAY

    1. Explain what questions effective navigation should answer.

    ANS:
    Effective navigation includes providing not only links to other pages in the Web site, but also cues to the user’s location. Users should be able to answer the following navigation questions:
    -Where am I?
    -Where can I go?
    -How do I get there?
    -How do I get back to where I started?

    To allow users to answer these questions, provide the following information:
    -The current page and the type of content they are viewing
    -Where they are in relation to the rest of the Web site
    -Consistent, easy-to-understand links
    -Alternatives to the browser’s Back button that lets users return to their starting point

    PTS: 1 REF: 401

    2. Explain three ways you can help to limit information overload.

    ANS:
    Many Web sites tend to present too much information at one time. Lengthy files that require scrolling or have arrays of links and buttons can frustrate and overwhelm the user. You can limit information overload in the following ways:

    -Create manageable information segments—Break your content into smaller files, and then link them together. Provide logical groupings of choices. Keep a flat hierarchy. A good rule to follow is that users should not have to click more than two or three times to get to the information they desire.

    -Control page length—Do not make users scroll through never- ending pages. Long files also can mean long downloads. Provide plenty of internal links to help users get around, and keep the pages short. You can judge your page length by pressing the Page Down key; if you have to press it more than two or three times to move from the top to the bottom of your page, break up the content.

    -Use hypertext to connect facts, relationships, and concepts— Provide contextual linking to related concepts, facts, or definitions, letting the users make the choices they want. Know your material, and try to anticipate the user’s information needs.

    PTS: 1 REF: 402

    3. Explain what page turners are and list situations in which they work best.

    ANS:
    If a user wants to read pages sequentially, rather than having to jump to pages from a navigation page, you can offer this function by adding page-turner links. Page turners let you move either to the previous or next page or section in the collection. These work well in a linear structure of pages, for computer-based learning, or where users read pages or sections in order.

    PTS: 1 REF: 416

    4. Explain how contextual links work.

    ANS:
    One of the most powerful hypertext capabilities is contextual linking. Contextual links allow users to jump to related ideas or cross-references by clicking the word or item that interests them. These are standard hypertext links that you can embed directly in the flow of your content by choosing the key terms and concepts you anticipate your users will want to follow.

    Including the link within a line of text is more effective than including a list of keywords, because users can see related information within the context of the sentence they are reading. Users also can see that repeated words are linked no matter how many times they appear within the browser window, offering users the opportunity to access additional information at any time.

    PTS: 1 REF: 418-419

    5. Describe two instances in which creating a clickable graphic for a link is desirable over text-based navigation.

    ANS:
    Although the current Web design trends are towards text-based navigation, there are still many instances where creating a clickable graphic for a link is desirable. To make sure your navigation graphics help rather than hinder your users, use the same graphics consistently throughout your Web site, for the following reasons:

    -To provide predictable navigation cues for the user — After users learn where to find navigation icons and how to use them, they expect them on every page. Consistent placement and design also build users’ trust and help them feel confident that they can find the information they want.

    -To minimize download time — After the graphic is downloaded, the browser retrieves it from the cache for subsequent pages rather than downloading it every time it appears.

    PTS: 1 REF: 420